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A comprehensive energy solution for households employing a micro combined cooling, heating and power

Huayi ZHANG, Can ZHANG, Fushuan WEN, Yan XU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第4期页码 582-590 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0592-9

摘要：

In recent years, micro combined cooling, heating and power generation (mCCHP) systems have attracted much attention in the energy demand side sector. The input energy of a mCCHP system is natural gas, while the outputs include heating, cooling and electricity energy. The mCCHP system is deemed as a possible solution for households with multiple energy demands. Given this background, a mCCHP based comprehensive energy solution for households is proposed in this paper. First, the mathematical model of a home energy hub (HEH) is presented to describe the inputs, outputs, conversion and consumption process of multiple energies in households. Then, electrical loads and thermal demands are classified and modeled in detail, and the coordination and complementation between electricity and natural gas are studied. Afterwards, the concept of thermal comfort is introduced and a robust optimization model for HEH is developed considering electricity price uncertainties. Finally, a household using a mCCHP as the energy conversion device is studied. The simulation results show that the comprehensive energy solution proposed in this work can realize multiple kinds of energy supplies for households with the minimized total energy cost.

关键词： energy hub micro combined cooling heating and power generation (mCCHP) thermal comfort robust optimization

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Simulation and experiments on a solid sorption combined cooling and power system driven by the exhaust

Peng GAO, Liwei WANG, Ruzhu WANG, Yang YU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第4期页码 516-526 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0511-5

摘要： A solid sorption combined cooling and power system driven by exhaust waste heat is proposed, which consists of a MnCl sorption bed, a CaCl sorption bed, an evaporator, a condenser, an expansion valve, and a scroll expander, and ammonia is chosen as the working fluid. First, the theoretical model of the system is established, and the partitioning calculation method is proposed for sorption beds. Next, the experimental system is established, and experimental results show that the refrigerating capacity at the refrigerating temperature of –10°C and the resorption time of 30 min is 1.95 kW, and the shaft power is 109.2 W. The system can provide approximately 60% of the power for the evaporator fan and the condenser fan. Finally, the performance of the system is compared with that of the solid sorption refrigeration system. The refrigerating capacity of two systems is almost the same at the same operational condition. Therefore, the power generation process does not influence the refrigeration process. The exergy efficiency of the two systems is 0.076 and 0.047, respectively. The feasibility of the system is determined, which proves that this system is especially suitable for the exhaust waste heat recovery.

关键词： solid sorption exhaust waste heat combined cooling and power system exergy efficiency

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Machinability of ultrasonic vibration-assisted micro-grinding in biological bone using nanolubricant

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0717-z

摘要： Bone grinding is an essential and vital procedure in most surgical operations. Currently, the insufficient cooling capacity of dry grinding, poor visibility of drip irrigation surgery area, and large grinding force leading to high grinding temperature are the technical bottlenecks of micro-grinding. A new micro-grinding process called ultrasonic vibration-assisted nanoparticle jet mist cooling (U-NJMC) is innovatively proposed to solve the technical problem. It combines the advantages of ultrasonic vibration (UV) and nanoparticle jet mist cooling (NJMC). Notwithstanding, the combined effect of multi parameter collaborative of U-NJMC on cooling has not been investigated. The grinding force, friction coefficient, specific grinding energy, and grinding temperature under dry, drip irrigation, UV, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), NJMC, and U-NJMC micro-grinding were compared and analyzed. Results showed that the minimum normal grinding force and tangential grinding force of U-NJMC micro-grinding were 1.39 and 0.32 N, which were 75.1% and 82.9% less than those in dry grinding, respectively. The minimum friction coefficient and specific grinding energy were achieved using U-NJMC. Compared with dry, drip, UV, MQL, and NJMC grinding, the friction coefficient of U-NJMC was decreased by 31.3%, 17.0%, 19.0%, 9.8%, and 12.5%, respectively, and the specific grinding energy was decreased by 83.0%, 72.7%, 77.8%, 52.3%, and 64.7%, respectively. Compared with UV or NJMC alone, the grinding temperature of U-NJMC was decreased by 33.5% and 10.0%, respectively. These results showed that U-NJMC provides a novel approach for clinical surgical micro-grinding of biological bone.

关键词： micro-grinding biological bone ultrasonic vibration (UV) nanoparticle jet mist cooling (NJMC) grinding force grinding temperature

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A spectrally selective surface structure for combined photothermic conversion and radiative sky cooling

Bin ZHAO, Xianze AO, Nuo CHEN, Qingdong XUAN, Mingke HU, Gang PEI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第4期页码 882-888 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0694-z

摘要： The sun and outer space are the ultimate heat and cold sources for the earth, respectively. They have significant potential for renewable energy harvesting. In this paper, a spectrally selective surface structure that has a planar polydimethylsiloxane layer covering a solar absorber is conceptually proposed and optically designed for the combination of photothermic conversion (PT) and nighttime radiative sky cooling (RC). An optical simulation is conducted whose result shows that the designed surface structure (i.e., PT-RC surface structure) has a strong solar absorption coefficient of 0.92 and simultaneously emits as a mid-infrared spectral-selective emitter with an average emissivity of 0.84 within the atmospheric window. A thermal analysis prediction reveals that the designed PT-RC surface structure can be heated to 79.1°C higher than the ambient temperature in the daytime and passively cooled below the ambient temperature of approximately 10°C in the nighttime, indicating that the designed PT-RC surface structure has the potential for integrated PT conversion and nighttime RC utilization.

关键词： solar energy photothermic conversion radiative sky cooling spectral selectivity multilayer film

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Active-reactive power scheduling of integrated electricity-gas network with multi-microgrids

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第2期页码 251-265 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0857-1

摘要： Advances in natural gas-fired technologies have deepened the coupling between electricity and gas networks, promoting the development of the integrated electricity-gas network (IEGN) and strengthening the interaction between the active-reactive power flow in the power distribution network (PDN) and the natural gas flow in the gas distribution network (GDN). This paper proposes a day-ahead active-reactive power scheduling model for the IEGN with multi-microgrids (MMGs) to minimize the total operating cost. Through the tight coupling relationship between the subsystems of the IEGN, the potentialities of the IEGN with MMGs toward multi-energy cooperative interaction is optimized. Important component models are elaborated in the PDN, GDN, and coupled MMGs. Besides, motivated by the non-negligible impact of the reactive power, optimal inverter dispatch (OID) is considered to optimize the active and reactive power capabilities of the inverters of distributed generators. Further, a second-order cone (SOC) relaxation technology is utilized to transform the proposed active-reactive power scheduling model into a convex optimization problem that the commercial solver can directly solve. A test system consisting of an IEEE-33 test system and a 7-node natural gas network is adopted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling method. The results show that the proposed scheduling method can effectively reduce the power losses of the PDN in the IEGN by 9.86%, increase the flexibility of the joint operation of the subsystems of the IEGN, reduce the total operation costs by $32.20, and effectively enhance the operation economy of the IEGN.

关键词： combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) integrated energy systems (IES) natural gas power distribution system gas distribution system

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喷淋冷却与自然排烟耦合作用下烟气沉降研究

李思成,陈颖,胡隆华,霍然,阳东

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第9期页码 90-95

摘要：

通过理论分析，建立了喷淋冷却与自然排烟耦合作用下火灾烟气层沉降的理论预测模型，并开展了相应的实验，把实验结果作为输入参数代入模型，得到了不同实验条件下烟气层的沉降结果。结果表明，喷淋冷却与自然排烟耦合作用下，烟气沉降速度相差很小；喷淋作用后，烟气层最终沉降高度降低；随着压力的增大，烟气层最终沉降高度相差较小。

关键词：消防工程水喷淋喷淋冷却自然排烟烟气沉降

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基于蝶翅三级微纳米结构的定制光子工程辐射制冷纺织品 Article

郭竑宇, 牛田野, 俞建勇, 王学利, 斯阳

《工程（英文）》 2023年第31卷第12期页码 120-126 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.07.019

摘要：

通过将被动辐射制冷策略与个人热管理技术相结合，为缓解人体在户外活动中的热不适感提供了新的思路。然而，目前大多数被动辐射制冷材料在穿着舒适性和耐用性方面存在不足。本文采用微阵列技术，成功制备出了具有辐射制冷能力的定制光子工程可穿戴纺织品。所开发的辐射制冷纺织品（RCTs）具有一定的透气透湿性、结构稳定性和扩展光谱响应性（太阳光反射率91.7%、大气窗口发射率95.8%）。在正午炎热环境的室外降温测试中，RCTs所覆盖的皮肤模拟器温度比棉织物低4.4 ℃。这种仿生结构的开发为可穿戴、热湿舒适和结构稳定的辐射制冷纺织品在个人热管理领域的应用提供了新的见解。

关键词：仿生材料个人热管理纺织品辐射制冷

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冷热电联产系统中气冷式微型透平机的发电耗水、空气污染物排放及成本影响：亚特兰大地区案例研究 Article

Jean-Ann James, Valerie M. Thomas, Arka Pandit, Duo Li, John C. Crittenden

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第4期页码 470-480 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.04.008

摘要：

城市化进程的加快意味着城市和国际组织需要去寻找各种能够提高能源效率和减少空气中污染物排放的方法。冷热电联产(CCHP) 系统可以同时供暖、制冷和发电，具有提高城市或城市区域能源发电效率的潜力。本研究的目的是在满足建筑热需求(供热和制冷) 的各种运行条件下，对亚特兰大大都市区内的五种常见建筑类型在采用CCHP 系统时的发电耗水、CO₂ 和NO_x 排放，及其经济性进行评价。对于大多数采用或不采用净计量策略的建筑类型来说，以满足每小时热需求去运行CCHP 系统均可减少CO₂ 的排放量。该系统能否对这些建筑类型产生经济效益，主要取决于天然气的价格、净计量策略的采用和假定的CCHP 系统的成本结构。当建筑物采用净计量策略并且CCHP 系统是以满足建筑物每年的最大热需求而运行时，CCHP 系统的发电耗水量和NO_x 的排放量均有最大限度的减少，尽管此时该运行情景会增加温室气体排放和发电成本。CCHP 系统对中型办公楼、大型办公楼和多户型住宅建筑更经济、实用。

关键词：冷热电联产（CCHP）气冷式微型透平机分布式能源发电发电耗水净计量

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Study on forced air convection cooling for electronic assemblies

LI Bin, TAO Wenquan, HE Yaling

《能源前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第2期页码 158-163 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0009-2

摘要： The slotted fin concept was employed to improve the air cooling performance of plate-fin in heat sinks. Numerical simulations of laminar heat transfer and flow pressure drop were conducted for the integral plate fin, discrete plate fin and discrete slotted fin heat sinks. It is found that the performance of the discrete plate fin is better than that of the integral continuum plate fin and the performance of slotted fin is better than that of the discrete plate fin at the same pumping power of the fan. A new type of heat sink characterized by discrete and slotted fin surfaces with thinner fins and smaller spaces between fins is then proposed. Preliminary computation shows that this type of heat sink may be useful for the next generation of higher thermal load CPUs. The limit of cooling capacity for air-cooling techniques was also addressed.

关键词： concept slotted air-cooling Preliminary computation generation

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Energy efficiency of small buildings with smart cooling system in the summer

Yazdan DANESHVAR, Majid SABZEHPARVAR, Seyed Amir Hossein HASHEMI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第4期页码 651-660 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0699-7

摘要： In this paper, a novel cooling control strategy as part of the smart energy system that can balance thermal comfort against building energy consumption by using the sensing and machine programming technology was investigated. For this goal, a general form of a building was coupled by the smart cooling system (SCS) and the consumption of energy with thermal comfort cooling of persons simulated by using the EnergyPlus software and compared with similar buildings without SCS. At the beginning of the research, using the data from a survey in a randomly selected group of hundreds and by analyzing and verifying the results of the specific relationship between the different groups of people in the statistical society, the body mass index (BMI) and their thermal comfort temperature were obtained, and the sample building was modeled using the EnergyPlus software. The result show that if an intelligent ventilation system that can calculate the thermal comfort temperature was used in accordance with the BMI of persons, it can save up to 35% of the cooling load of the building yearly.

关键词： smart home heating and cooling systems saving energy optimal consumption of energy

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Flexible micro flow sensor for micro aerial vehicles

Rong ZHU, Ruiyi QUE, Peng LIU

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第12卷第4期页码 539-545 doi: 10.1007/s11465-017-0427-0

摘要：

This article summarizes our studies on micro flow sensors fabricated on a flexible polyimide circuit board by a low-cost hybrid process of thin-film deposition and circuit printing. The micro flow sensor has merits of flexibility, structural simplicity, easy integrability with circuits, and good sensing performance. The sensor, which adheres to an object surface, can detect the surface flow around the object. In our study, we install the fabricated micro flow sensors on micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) to detect the surface flow variation around the aircraft wing and deduce the aerodynamic parameters of the MAVs in flight. Wind tunnel experiments using the sensors integrated with the MAVs are also conducted.

关键词： micro flow sensor flexible sensor surface flow sensing aerodynamic parameter micro aerial vehicle (MAV)

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面向异构集成应用的“片上”嵌入式冷却技术的研究进展 Review

Srikanth Rangarajan, Scott Schiffres, Bahgat Sammakia

《工程（英文）》 2023年第26卷第7期页码 185-197 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.10.019

摘要：

The electronics packaging community strongly believes that Moore’s law will continue for another few years due to recent technological efforts to build heterogeneously integrated packages. Heterogeneous integration (HI) can be at the chip level (a single chip with multiple hotspots), in multi-chip modules, or in vertically stacked three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuits. Flux values have increased exponentially with a simultaneous reduction in chip size and a significant increase in performance, leading to increased heat dissipation. The electronics industry and the academic research community have examined various solutions to tackle skyrocketing thermal-management challenges. Embedded cooling eliminates most sequential conduction resistance from the chip to the ambient, unlike separable cold plates/heat sinks. Although embedding the cooling solution onto an electronic chip results in a high heat transfer potential, technological risks and complexity are still associated with the implementation of these technologies and with uncertainty regarding which technologies will be adopted. This manuscript discusses recent advances in embedded cooling, fluid selection considerations, and conventional, immersion, and additive manufacturing-based embedded cooling technologies.

关键词：电子冷却嵌入式冷却浸入式冷却

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A concept of capillary active, dynamic insulation integrated with heating, cooling and ventilation, air

Mark BOMBERG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 431-437 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0071-9

摘要： When a historic fa?ade needs to be preserved or when the seismic considerations favor use of a concrete wall system and fire considerations limit exterior thermal insulation, one needs to use interior thermal insulation systems. Interior thermal insulation systems are less effective than the exterior systems and will not reduce the effect of thermal bridges. Yet they may be successfully used and, in many instances, are recommended as a complement to the exterior insulation. This paper presents one of these cases. It is focused on the most successful applications of capillary active, dynamic interior thermal insulation. This happens when such insulation is integrated with heating, cooling and ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) system. Starting with a pioneering work of the Technical University in Dresden in development of capillary active interior insulations, we propose a next generation, namely, a bio-fiber thermal insulation. When completing the review, this paper proposes a concept of a joint research project to be undertaken by partners from the US (where improvement of indoor climate in exposed coastal areas is needed), China (indoor climate in non-air conditioned concrete buildings is an issue), and Germany (where the bio-fiber technology has been developed).

关键词： capillary active insulation integrated heating cooling and ventilation air conditioning (HVAC) and building enclosure dynamic insulation switchable thermal resistance variable U-value walls

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evaluation of an improved biomass-fired cogeneration system simultaneously using extraction steam, cooling

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第2期页码 321-335 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0741-4

摘要： An advanced cogeneration system based on biomass direct combustion was developed and its feasibility was demonstrated. In place of the traditional single heat source (extraction steam), the extraction steam from the turbine, the cooling water from the plant condenser, and the low-pressure feedwater from the feedwater preheating system were collectively used for producing district heat in the new scheme. Hence, a remarkable energy-saving effect could be achieved, improving the overall efficiency of the cogeneration system. The thermodynamic and economic performance of the novel system was examined when taking a 35 MW biomass-fired cogeneration unit for case study. Once the biomass feed rate and net thermal production remain constant, an increment of 1.36 MW can be expected in the net electric production, because of the recommended upgrading. Consequently, the total system efficiency and effective electrical efficiency augmented by 1.23 and 1.50 percentage points. The inherent mechanism of performance enhancement was investigated from the energy and exergy aspects. The economic study indicates that the dynamic payback period of the retrofitting project is merely 1.20 years, with a net present value of 5796.0 k$. In conclusion, the proposed concept is validated to be advantageous and profitable.

关键词： biomass-fired cogeneration district heat production system absorption heat pump extraction steam cooling water low-pressure feedwater

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Indoor thermal comfort research on the hybrid system of radiant cooling and dedicated outdoor air system

Weiliang WANG, Zhe TIAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第2期页码 155-160 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0244-z

摘要： The radiant cooling system generally operates with the dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS). Air supply modes and the corresponding setting parameters of the hybrid system may substantially influence the indoor thermal comfort. With target indexes of air diffusion performance index (ADPI) and predicted mean vote (PMV), the Taguchi method was used to choose the optimal air supply mode and to analyze the significance of different factors on the thermal comfort. The results are expected for conducting the future design and regulation of the hybrid system. Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation as well as verified experiments was performed during the research. Based on the ADPI studies, it is found that the air supply mode of ceiling delivery with ceiling exhaust is an optimized option to apply in DOAS of the hybrid system. Variance analysis results show that influence fact of air supply temperature is the most dominant one to impact the indoor thermal comfort index of PMV.

关键词： radiant cooling system dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) thermal comfort Taguchi method variance analysis